• As the effects of baclofen

  2024-09-05

  

  As the effects of baclofen on primary afferent activity are not reproduced by GABAA receptor agonists like muscimol and isoguvacine, this ionotropic receptor may play minimal role in the modulation of primary afferent activity. However, it is important to note that post-synaptic GABAA receptors rema

• br Consequences of central apelin APJ modulation Regarding

  2024-09-05

  

  Consequences of central apelin/APJ modulation Regarding extra-hypothalamic actions, recent data demonstrate that the central apelin/APJ system could be a potential new target for the regulation of memory (Han et al., 2014). Then, intracerebroventricular (icv) apelin administration in mice impairs

• Plant defensins are cysteine rich cationic

  2024-09-05

  

  Plant defensins are cysteine-rich cationic peptides of 5–8 kDa whose mature domain comprises 45 to 54 amino clemastine residues, with an isoelectric point around 9. The global fold of plant defensins consists of a cysteine-stabilized motif (CSα/β) made up of an α-helix and a triple-stranded β-sheet

• br Angiogenesis as a critical event

  2024-09-05

  

  Angiogenesis as a critical event in diabetic retinopathy Angiogenesis refers to the abnormal proliferation of blood vessels during various pathological conditions. It acquires the stature of being one of the most detrimental events responsible for the progression of diabetic retinopathy. Angiogen

• Angiogenesis refers to the formation

  2024-09-05

  

  Angiogenesis refers to the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vasculature [1]. Physiological angiogenesis is necessary for key processes such as wound healing, tissue regeneration and repair. In pathological conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, and other pat

• br AMPK as a druggable target

  2024-09-05

  

  AMPK as a druggable target AMPK signaling has attracted considerable attention within the past decades, owing to the capacity of pharmacological compounds (e.g., 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribofuranoside [AICAR] and metformin) or natural compounds (e.g., resveratrol) to activate AMPK in

• br The lipoxygenase pathway and

  2024-09-05

  

  The 12/15-lipoxygenase pathway and microvascular complications of diabetes The 12/15-lipoxygenase pathway in adipose tissue Only recently has adipose tissue been recognized as a highly metabolically active endocrine organ imparting profound local and systemic inflammatory effects. Adipose tiss

• Heat shock protein Hsp is a molecular

  2024-09-05

  

  Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a molecular chaperone that plays a central role in regulating the maturation, activation and stability of numerous “client proteins” that drive the development and progression of many cancers. Therefore, inhibition of Hsp90 would result in degradation of the client p

• br Experimental section br Introduction Microglia were

  2024-09-05

  

  Experimental section Introduction Microglia were discovered as a novel cell population in A 804598 synthesis in 1933 by a Spanish physician and histologist Pío del Río-Hortega [1]. In the eye, scientists used Hortega's staining technique to label the microglia in the retinal outer plexiform la

• As one of emerging high throughout methods

  2024-09-05

  

  As one of emerging high-throughout methods, metabolomics detects metabolites which are ultimate response of biological systems to environmental changes [14]. Metabolomics uncovers metabolic alteration at the systems level. Comparison of global metabolic profiling reflects some unidentified biologica

• br Conclusion br Acknowledgement This

  2024-09-05

  

  Conclusion Acknowledgement This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI (Grant Number 15K18770). Introduction Neural crest 745 are multipotent progenitors in the vertebrate embryo that give rise to a vast array of different cell types including pigment cells, craniofacial skeleton and mesenchy

• br Preliminary remarks Expression of the transcription facto

  2024-09-05

  

  Preliminary remarks Expression of the transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and the AHR-repressor (AHRR) are both strikingly high in the Hydrocortisone of barrier organs skin and gut [1,2]. It is generally assumed that this reflects their role in linking environmental factors to a

• There are human genes in the SLC

  2024-09-05

  

  There are 12 human genes in the SLC5A family, and 6 of these are expressed in human heart (Table 2). Little is known about SGLT proteins in the heart. Zhou et al. [56] reported the presence of SGLT1 mRNA in the human heart. Researchers have found that levels of SGLT1 mRNA in heart are approximately

• br Material and methods br Results br

  2024-09-05

  

  Material and methods Results Discussion GRK2 activity has increasingly been shown to contribute to the progression of numerous diseases and organ dysfunction [5], [6]. For instance, a large body of work over the last two decades has identified GRK2 as a major regulator of cardiac dysfunctio

• Obesity is defined as a body

  2024-09-05

  

  Obesity is defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 30kg/m2 or higher and is known to have a very close association with the risk of developing cancers (Hsueh and Deng, 2016). Several theories exist as to how this link is defined with respect to various cancers, one of which involves the effect of obes

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